In fact, despite the State's interest and priority for development, the level of technology, the ability to master and create technology in the field of mechanics still has certain limitations, this is not only affecting the position and competitiveness of the mechanical engineering industry but also affecting the national economic development. Based on the research on the current status of technological mastery of technology in the field of mechanics, the paper proposes policy solutions to improve the technological mastery in the mechanical engineering industry in accordance with Vietnam's conditions. Background The Fourth Industrial Revolution is taking place strongly.
Status of competence and mastering technology in Mechanical gas through technology transfer
According to the General Statistics Office (2019), the number of mechanical enterprises operating effectively has accounted for about 30.5% of the total number of mechanical enterprises operating in the whole country (about 25.5 thousand enterprises. enterprises), with net revenue from production and business activities of nearly VND 1.5 billion and creating jobs for more than 1.1 million workers; The industrial production value of the whole mechanical engineering industry is about 17% of the production value of the processing and manufacturing industry, the export turnover of mechanical products in 2018 reached over 13.5 billion USD (mostly household appliances, spare parts, components for motor vehicles and motorbikes), the mechanical engineering industry now meets more than 32% of the domestic demand for mechanical products.
According to the Ministry of Industry and Trade (2019), Vietnam's mechanical sector currently has three main sub-sectors with strengths (motorcycles and spare parts for motorcycles, household appliances and tools, automobiles and automotive parts). ) and these three subsectors account for about 70% of the total industrial production value of the country's mechanical engineering industry. Along with that, thanks to the State's preferential policies on supporting domestic technology research and development, encouraging technology transfer, so far Vietnam's mechanical engineering industry has manufactured and produced a number of good quality products such as hydroelectric equipment for hydropower project construction, assembled a kind of truck, bus, built a number of large tonnage ships. adapt, manufacture and produce a number of electrical equipment and equipment for the rotary kiln cement plant, initially mastering the technology of designing super-sized and super-weight equipment and manufacturing auxiliary equipment to Supplying to prestigious mechanical and electronic manufacturers in the world such as NEC, LG, Samsung. Moreover, the capacity in mechanical enterprises tends to improve in recent years, according to the Ministry of Industry and Trade (2019), Vietnam currently has about 40 automobile manufacturing and assembly enterprises, with a total of productivity of about 680,000 vehicles / year, the localization rate of motorbikes reaches 85-95%.
In addition to the achieved achievements, there are still certain limitations that need to be overcome in Vietnam's mechanical engineering industry, namely:
Firstly, the ability to search and evaluate technology and financial resources of mechanical enterprises is limited, so it has not been able to select core technologies, advanced technologies and high technologies to import. The ability to negotiate contracts through technology transfer from abroad is still inadequate. One of the above reasons is that the capacity and qualifications of mechanical enterprises are still low, not many mechanical enterprises have international influence, so the activities of research, development, innovation and innovation Technology also depends heavily on foreign experts, even led by foreign manufacturers. In fact, in the field of mechanics, the design task has achieved an average level of advanced compared to the region, the work of embryo manufacturing, machining, surface treatment, complete assembly The quality control of raw materials and products has improved in recent years but is still relatively backward compared to the world. Therefore, mechanical enterprises have not met the necessary requirements to be able to participate in the global supply chain and production chain.
Secondly, although mechanical engineering (such as automotive engineering, agricultural machinery, construction equipment, industrial equipment, electrical equipment, medical equipment) is one of the contents. have priority in transferring, mastering and developing technologies from abroad into Vietnam under the Prime Minister's Decision No. 1851 / QD-TTg of December 27, 2018, approving the project "Promoting the transfer." assignment, mastering and development of technologies from abroad into Vietnam in priority branches and domains up to 2025, with orientations toward 2030 ". However, Vietnamese mechanical enterprises still face many difficulties and challenges in the process of receiving technology transfer from abroad, the underlying cause of this situation is the ability to receive and master technologies. This is reflected in the maintenance of the project of transferring and training high quality human resources, identifying new markets for output products, as well as maintaining the technological inputs of mechanical enterprises. . Moreover, the development of mechanical engineering industry has not been consistent, so the supporting activities, encouraging technology transfer from abroad to Vietnam have not been inclusive for sustainable development, not yet actually receive active, necessary and thorough support from all levels and sectors in the application of science and technology along the value chain, production chains from research to product completion and marketing. schools, activities supporting technology incubation, science and technology enterprises in the field of mechanics still face many difficulties.
Third, the ability to research, improve, decode and innovate in the process of mechanical enterprises is limited. The reason is that Vietnam has not yet built a bank of specialized experts in the field of mechanical engineering capable of evaluating technology, supporting technology valuation, consulting and technology transfer methods from abroad. In the case of foreign technology transfer into Vietnam, it is still mainly the technology transfer between the overseas parent company and its branches in Vietnam through direct investment projects. foreign. Moreover, not many experts are able to search for technology, build technology records on the basis of analyzing and evaluating trends of scientific and technological development in the world in the field of mechanics; at the same time, there has not been a network of professional technology search and evaluation experts in developed countries in the field of mechanical engineering to support the process of technology adoption, adaptation and assimilation. Vietnamese gas.
Fourthly, technology reception activities through technology transfer from abroad to Vietnam in the field of mechanics are still slow, failing to meet the requirements of socio-economic development, not much. results of scientific research and technological development have been put into practice, not many intermediaries have supported technology transfer activities, not many Vietnamese enterprises have invested in research activities. Research, technology transfer, about 8-10% of enterprises in technology research and development in enterprises, the rest of many mechanical businesses have received technology through technology transfer from overseas, but no technology research and development department. This affects the process of researching, acquiring and improving imported technologies and creating new products and new processes after receiving technologies. In addition, there are not many activities connecting and supporting technology mastery through testing, product quality testing, supporting the organization of in-depth workshops, technology exhibition performances, decoding consultancy. inventions, application of useful solutions in the field of mechanics.
Fifthly, supportive policies, incentives for development of mechanical engineering, key mechanical products are not really favorable, supporting industry of mechanical engineering is still limited, production chains have not been built yet. , assembling mechanical products in the country, should remain passive in participating in global production chains. In particular, the transaction value of mechanical products and mechanical technologies in the market is limited, has not created a good premise for the mechanical engineering industry to approach, use and master advanced technology, and do not support the area. for mechanical businesses to buy designs, buy and apply inventions, useful solutions for technological innovation to improve the efficiency of using inputs, improving productivity, quality and ability. competitiveness in the market.
Recommendations policy solutions to improve the capacity to master technology through technology transfer in the field of Mechanical
Mechanical engineering is an important industry of a country, which has a key meaning and is a driving force for other industries to develop, thereby contributing to economic stability, promoting innovation of economic growth model. in depth, improve productivity, actively support the labor restructuring process towards industrialization. Therefore, the development of mechanical engineering must go hand in hand with enhancing endogenous capacity, mastering technology, especially enhancing the capacity to receive, absorb, operate, innovate and create technologies through Technology transfer from abroad. To do this well, in the future we need:
- Create favorable conditions on the institutional environment in the application of new technologies and new products, especially the need to have preferential policies on the use of products and mechanical technologies created domestically. In terms of technical issues, it is necessary to formulate legal sanctions and corridors to protect products and mechanical technologies that the country has produced in compliance with international commitments and can actively participate in the chain. value, global supply chain. Along with that, is a premise for mechanical businesses to improve technology, research, innovation, technological innovation and improve manufacturing and production capacity through efficient use. incentives and supports from science and technology funds, policies on supporting information technology, human resources, credit and loan guarantees in order to gradually improve technology search and selection. appropriate, limiting the heavy dependence on foreign experts in the process of transferring, mastering and developing technologies suitable to the production needs of mechanical enterprises.
- Support mechanical businesses to understand the process and forms of transfer and be capable of implementing activities during the process of receiving and mastering technology through training, improving the quality of human resources, assisting enterprises in researching the market for technological outputs and presiding over technology projects. Building and perfecting technological infrastructure and research infrastructure for science and technology organizations, especially strong organizations in scientific research and technological development, to serve improvement and decoding activities. technology from abroad, and at the same time guide the use and create favorable conditions and procedures for mechanical enterprises to approach and use preferential policies in a favorable manner in order to improve their absorption capacity, adaptive capacity, technology assimilation. Moreover, it is necessary to accelerate the implementation of activities to support up to 100% of the state budget for mastering, decoding, developing high technology and advanced technologies according to value chains such as research. researching to adapt, assimilate imported technologies, perfect technologies, exploit inventions, create new products and new processes in the field of mechanical engineering.
- Develop, improve and effectively operate the technology database, database of technology experts, including the field of Mechanical Engineering, to ensure that the reception, evaluation and selection of technologies through technology transfer from abroad, to meet the requirements of enterprises, as well as current regulations on international technology transfer. This database needs to be updated regularly and continuously automatically to ensure stable and stable operation, it is necessary to regularly add new and advanced technologies and foreign technologies to foreign countries. technology database; At the same time, update and invite Vietnam's leading scientists and technologists in the field of mechanics, including Vietnamese scientists currently living abroad, into the database of public assessors. turmeric. Thereby, it will actively support for mechanical enterprises in researching, evaluating, valuing, evaluating technology, better understanding the legal provisions on technology transfer, thereby having close cohesion. between the reception and transfer of technology from abroad with the deployment activities in the production process, improving the technological capacity of enterprises.
- Accelerating the support of legal procedures, processes and corridors for the mechanical enterprises to set up a technology research and development division, and at the same time support the establishment and operation of their scientific and technological funds. Karma. The establishment of a technology research and development unit in an enterprise is necessary and plays an important role in identifying risks and opportunities in technology technology reception and innovation activities of enterprises and ministries. This department may operate independently, or in cooperation with or outside organizations and individuals, with funding from enterprises or through scientific and technological funds of enterprises if enterprises are in This fund has been created. The foundation of science and technology development fund of enterprises will be formed to actively support the connection, in collaboration with experts, scientific organizations and scientists with mechanical strengths in and abroad in the process of researching, seeking, receiving and mastering technologies imported from abroad. In addition, it is necessary to specify activities to support mechanical enterprises in branding, design purchase, application of new technologies and advanced production management models to improve productivity, quality, The efficiency and competitiveness of mechanical products have the potential to be exported to the international market.
- Implement consultancy and connection activities for mechanical enterprises and industrial enterprises supporting the mechanical engineering industry to build technological roadmap and technological innovation roadmap in each specific period, suitable to Chien Chien. Strategy on development of Vietnam's mechanical engineering industry up to 2025, with a vision to 2035 (Decision No. 319 / QD-TTg dated March 15, 2018 of the Prime Minister), Program on foreign technology search and transfer to 2020 (Decision No. 1069 / QD-TTg dated July 14, 2014 of the Prime Minister), Scheme on promoting transfer, mastering and development of technology from abroad into Vietnam in industries and fields priority areas to 2025, with orientations to 2030 (Decision No. 1851 / QD-TTg dated December 27, 2018 of the Prime Minister). It emphasizes the research and prediction of technology and mechanical product development, assists in setting goals and technology acquisition options, and supports the development of networks of experts seeking technology and realization. currently seeking technology, assisting with project formulation and implementing technology transfer projects from abroad in the field of Mechanical Engineering.
REFERENCES
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http://vanban.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/chinhphu/hethongvanban: Look up the Laws,
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(Published in TT Magazine issue & TT April 1, 2020)
